Labors of Division is a major contribution to South Asian history and agrarian studies. It cuts through stilted debates on capitalist transition, revealing the profound limitations of their logical assumptions and conceptual vocabularies. Its most significant achievement is to show that in the land of the timeless peasant proprietor, the peasant was a concrescence of capitalist modernity. Equally important is Gill’s exceptionally sophisticated historicization of the relation between caste, labor, and agrarian capital in colonial Punjab, a product of his refusal to separate the economic from the social and the cultural. As a whole, Labors of Division stands as a testament to the potential of anti-teleological histories of capitalism, relentlessly focused on the specificities of capital’s operations in colonial societies, regardless of where they may lead